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CONTENTS:
Promotion of Sustainable Business, Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention
Text copyright 2006,
Cleaner Production International LLC / www.cleanerproduction.com
Thousands of organizations around the world are now actively promoting CP and
P2. But before 1990, there were almost no organizations doing this. Therefore there has
been a tremendous amount of learning as various approaches have been tried. Some of the
approaches have, to be frank, failed quite completely. New approaches that show great
promise are linking CP and P2 to municipal development and local government; working with
business and professional associations; and using regulatory authority to require that
companies develop CP or P2 plans for their operations.
CP and P2 are an important part of Sustainable Development promotion. Thus it is
important to understand the broad range of policies that governments use to promote
sustainable development, in order to understand how CP and P2 fit into this broad
framework.
CP and P2 are also a form of business development service. The basic tools of CP
and P2 are very similar, if not identical, to the tools used by many organizations to help
companies improve productivity and efficiency and to grow sustainably. Since CP and P2
often involve the use of new technologies, they are part of the Technology Transfer
framework as well. Therefore it is also important to understand the concepts of Business
Development Services and Technology Transfer, as both of these areas have been in
existence for much longer than CP and P2 and have much experience and many tools and
strategies to offer.
CP and P2 promotion begin with policy development. Governments must establish
objectives, strategies and frameworks to promote CP and P2 through many channels and using
many strategies. Once policy is established, the promotion programs must be designed and
the programs implemented.
The documents and tools described here are guidance for the promotion of Cleaner
Production by agencies and associations. The first set is about Policy Frameworks. This is
followed by important publications on business development services and technology
transfer. Then information about design and implementation of CP and P2 promotion programs
is presented.
Policy Frameworks
- Policies to Enhance Sustainable Development
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2001. 107 pages.
Overview of major policy themes and activities to promote Sustainable Development,
including promotion of Cleaner Production and cleaner technologies. Useful for making a
policy framework for CP.
- Greening Industry : New Roles for Communities, Markets, and Governments.
World Bank. 1998. 250 pages.
Very important book on new approaches to reducing industrial pollution, with a
strong focus on promotion of cleaner production. Includes many examples and has a major
focus on developing countries but is equally applicable to developed countries.
Cleaner Production Policy
- Cleaner Production Global Status 2002
United Nations Environment Program. 2002. 300 pages.
Global review of the history and status of CP promotion and implementation
worldwide, with sections by geographic region and by key sectors. Also includes the CP
Global Directory with contact information for CP organizations worldwide, environmental
journalists, financing institutions, and some key CP publications.
- UN 7th Cleaner Production Summit
United Nations Environment Program. 2002. 300 pages.
Complete proceedings of the Summit, with background papers, results of workshop
discussions, and recommendations.
- Government Policy Options to Encourage Cleaner Production and Products
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1992. 40 pages.
Overview of the various policy options. Rather brief but useful for setting a
framework for CP promotion.
- Implementation Guidelines for Governments Following the International
Declaration on Cleaner Production
United Nations Environment Programme. 2001. 23 pages.
Presents a framework and specific actions for continuous improvement for
governments to implement the guidance of the International Declaration on Cleaner
Production. Good graphic design and easy to follow.
- Strategic Waste Prevention
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1999. 123 pages.
This Manual sets out to support government efforts toward developing, applying, and
evaluating waste prevention policy programmes through detailed descriptions of how
government-led review procedures can be applied to three core activities supporting waste
prevention: (1) target setting, (2) instrument selection and implementation, and (3)
environmental, economic, and social performance evaluation.
- Environmental Policy Tools: A User's Guide
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1995. 224 pages.
Extensive and comprehensive introduction to environmental policy tools, with many
examples and analysis of results. Uses the effect on pollution prevention as one of the
criteria for evaluating policy tools, and also describes specific pollution prevention
programs. Highly recommended reading for policy analysts considering the full range of
options for promoting cleaner production and pollution prevention.
- Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses
US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. 227 pages.
Provides overview of the needs and applications for economic analysis of
environmental policies and regulations. Includes detailed descriptions of methodologies.
Important companion to the publication, Environmental Policy Tools: A User's Guide. Should
be used when designing Cleaner Production promotion programs to analyze the expected costs
and benefits.
- Extended Producer Responsibility
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2001. 159 pages.
EPR is a major policy initiative of Western European countries that make Cleaner
Production a vital part of product and service design and management in order to manage
environmental issues throughout the product life cycle.
- Guide for Government Self-Assessment for Policies to Promote Technologies
for Cleaner Production and Products
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1995. 48 pages.
Very useful guide for policy developers to help them understand the range of
policies and activities that are important for government to promote CP. Particularly
useful for helping governments apply CP in their own operations.
- Supply Side Policies to Augment Government Support for Promotion of
Cleaner Technologies
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1994. 64 pages.
This report focuses on financial incentives to promote development of cleaner
technologies. It provides many examples and presents lessons learned and recommendations
for future development.
- Progress in Achieving A Basic Capacity Level for Cleaner Production in
Central and Eastern European Countries/ New Independent States
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1998. 21 pages.
Provides a good description of the concept of Basic Capacity Level for CP and
examples of progress in various countries towards achieving this level. Particularly
useful for CP programs that are trying to establish core functions.
- Towards Sustainability: Achieving Cleaner Production in Australia
Excellent example of a national cleaner production strategy with
comprehensive coverage of the concepts of CP, range of policies and regulations to promote
it, and international experiences in CP promotion. Australia and New Zealand Environment
and Conservation Council.
- Informal Sector Pollution Control:What Policy Options Do We Have?
Resources for the Future. 2000. 25 pages.
This paper uses a case study of brick kiln industries in Mexico and the promotion
of natural gas furnaces as a cleaner technology to identify important lessons for
pollution control. It describes interesting implications for cleaner production promotion
in the informal sector, which is very important in most developing countries.
- Improving Governments' Role In the Promotion of Environmental Managerial
Accounting
United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. 2000. 91 pages.
Environmental accounting provides the motivation and data needed to implement
cleaner production opportunities. This important report presents numerous options for
governments to increase awareness and use of environmental accounting methods.
Business Development and Technology Transfer
- Background Reader on Business Development Services - Developing
Commercial Markets for BDS
International Labour Office Division of Small Enterprise Development.
2001. 80 pages.
Cleaner production promotion is a form of business development service. This
publication presents new perspectives on the best ways to promote BDS, with a focus on
developing the capacity of commercial BDS providers. Important and highly recommended for
planning of CP promotion programs.
- A Market-Oriented Strategy For Small and Medium-Scale Enterprises
International Finance Corporation. 1994. 30 pages.
This paper provides important recommendations for promoting the development of
SMEs, including improvement of the overall business environment, development of
appropriate financial assistance programs, design and management of business development
services, and evaluation of effectiveness. Important for understanding the overall context
of CP promotion as part of a framework for improving the competitiveness of SMEs. Many of
the recommendations apply to CP promotion programs.
- Pollution Prevention Technology Diffusion: The Role of Technical
Assistance Providers
National Pollution Prevention Roundtable. 2000. 9 pages.
Provides an overview of the activities of P2 technical assistance programs and
emphasizes the "how to do it" assistance that seems necessary for firms to adopt
CP or P2 technologies.
- Capital Investment Evaluation for Technology Upgradation and Capacity
Building for Technology Absorbtion
United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 2000. 102 pages.
Provides a detailed methodology for evaluating technology needs, investment
requirements and capacity building requirements. Rather complex and full of jargon but a
useful tool for considering all the factors needed to assist companies to improve their
technologies for cleaner production.
- Summary: Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. 16 pages.
This is a summary of an extensive report about technology transfer for reducing
climate impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. It describes definitions, trends and
stakeholders in technology transfer. It gives a summary of lessons learned and key
strategies and presents an overview of issues for a range of important industries.
- Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2000. 250 pages.
Extensive report about technology transfer for reducing climate impacts from
greenhouse gas emissions. It describes definitions, trends and stakeholders in technology
transfer. It gives a summary of lessons learned and key strategies and presents an
overview of issues for a range of important industries.
Cleaner Production Program Design
- Source Reduction Program Potential Manual
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. 52 pages.
Provides guidance for local solid waste management officials about how to estimate
the potential for reducing various types of waste in municipal solid waste streams. Uses
six common waste types as examples. Includes software package for
calculating reduction potential. Useful for its methodology which can generally be applied
to a wide range of waste types that can be reduced through cleaner production promotion.
- Emission Baselines: Estimating the Unknown
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2000. 288 pages.
Describes methods for estimating baseline emissions of greenhouse gases in several
important industries. Useful for its methodology and the importance of results measurement
to justify CP actions.
- Decision Support System for Integrated Pollution Control
World Bank. 1997. 92 pages.
Sophisticated software program and manual for evaluating pollution
control strategies in a region. Computes pollutant loads generated by the economic
activities in each area, calculates ambient pollution levels, performs cost analysis of
alternative pollution control measures and strategies and identifies priorities for
pollution control actions by geographic area and by major contributing sector of
productive activity.
- Implementation Guidelines for Companies Following the International
Declaration on Cleaner Production
United Nations Environment Programme. 2001. 23 pages.
Describes what CP programs are trying to get companies to actually do. Presents a
framework and specific actions for continuous improvement for companies to implement the
guidance of the International Declaration on Cleaner Production. Good graphic design and
easy to follow.
- Facility Pollution Prevention Planning Requirements: An Overview of State
Program Evaluations
National Pollution Prevention Roundtable. 1997. 40 pages.
Important review of the results of state pollution prevention planning programs
with data on reductions achieved, methods used, and lessons learned. Highly recommended.
- A Benchmarking Study Of Pollution Prevention Planning - Best Practices,
Issues, and Implications For Public Policy
The Business Roundtable. 1998. 58 pages.
Pollution Prevention Planning is a form of regulation used by governments to
encourage P2 and CP. This publication reports results of a study of US manufacturers who
have undertaken P2 Planning. It describes Best Practices in P2 planning, comments on the
effect of planning regulations on existing P2 efforts, and recommends ways to improve the
planning regulation framework.
- Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pollution Prevention Planning in New
Jersey: A Program-Based Evaluation
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. 1996. 80 pages.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of pollution prevention planning required
under the New Jersey Pollution Prevention Act of 1991. Since progress reports data were
not yet available, this study concentrated on facilities' creation of their pollution
prevention plans and reduction goals.
- New York State Multi-Media Pollution Prevention Program
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2000. 50 pages.
Collection of documents that provide a description of the Department's multi-media
pollution prevention program and the functions and responsibilities of the central and
regional offices with respect to facilities that have been selected for the M2P2 program.
Good example of the structure and operations of a regional P2/CP program.
Managing a CP Promotion Program
- Implementation Guidelines for Facilitating Organizations Following the
International Declaration on Cleaner Production
United Nations Environment Programme. 2001. 23 pages.
Presents a framework and specific actions for continuous improvement for
facilitating organizations such as technical assistance programs and business development
services to implement the guidance of the International Declaration on Cleaner Production.
Good graphic design and easy to follow.
- Selling sustainable success: A guide to corporate responsibility for
consulting and professional services firms.
The Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum. 2001. 20 pages.
Guide for consulting firms and business assistance organizations about how to sell or
promote sustainability tools and management methods. Very interesting and practical for CP
promotion organizations.
- Pollution Prevention Metrics Menu
Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association. 1999. 14 pages.
This paper presents a menu of metrics that state pollution prevention (P2) programs
in the Northeast USA plan to utilize in managing and evaluating their programs. Short and
excellent introduction to the kinds of activities used by agencies for CP and P2
promotion.
- Changing Production Patterns: Learning from the Experience of National
Cleaner Poduction Centres
UN Environment Programme. 2002. 100 pages.
Describes the approaches taken in various countries to set up the National Cleaner
Production Centers, and offers lessons for others.
- Action Plan for Promoting the Use of Environmental Management Systems
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. 19 pages.
Describes how the US EPA is implementing EMS in its own operations, integrating it
into regulation and permitting, and promoting it widely to industry. Good complement to
Cleaner Production promotion since CP can be and often is implemented within an EMS.
- Environmental Mentoring: Benefits, Challenges and Opportunities
The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. 2000. 47
pages.
Presents the results of a study of five mentoring programs run by industries and
local governments, with case studies and lessons learned.
- The Emerging Role of Associations as Mentors
The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. 2000. 60
pages.
Presentations from a national forum with a focus on codes of conduct and mentoring
of association members to improve environmental performance, and communication and
outreach strategies. Includes government and industry perspectives.
- The Mentoring Handbook: A Guide to Environmental Mentoring for Companies,
Nonprofits, and Regulators
The National Environmental Education & Training Foundation. 2000. 61
pages.
This provides a step-by-step toolkit for establishing a mentoring program, case
studies on mentoring, and many example worksheets and documents.
- Linking Sustainable Community Activities to Pollution Prevention
Critical Technologies Institute. 1997. 87 pages.
The report describes concepts and case studies in sustainable community strategies
and provides a brief description how pollution prevention is an important element of an
overall strategy for community sustainability. Useful for understanding the community
context for cleaner production promotion.
- EPA Grant Writing Tutorial
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. 150 pages.
Every CP program needs to raise funds. Many organizations provide grants for
environmental protection. This software tutorial provides basic guidance
for writing grant proposals. It is designed particularly for US EPA grants but the
information is valuable for preparing grant proposals of any kind.
Financing Cleaner Production
NOTE: Also see the section on Environmental Accounting
and Financial Analysis
- A Guidebook of Financial Tools
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. 800 pages.
Extensive description of a very wide variety of tools for financing environmental
protection of all kinds, including pollution prevention.
- Promotion of New Forms of Financing for Transfer, Development and
Application of Environmentally Sound Technologies
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
2000. 300 pages.
Report from an international conference focused on financing ESTs in developing
countries. Includes extensive background papers and country reports.
- Innovations in the financing of small and microenterprises in developing
countries.
International Labour Organization. 2000. 108 pages.
Policy analysis paper describing a wide variety of financing strategies appropriate
for supporting CP in developing countries, and perhaps in developed countries also.
- Pollution Charges: Lessons from Implementation
The World Bank. 1998. 9 pages.
Important review of lessons learned from pollution charges, which are often
promoted as a driver for CP implementation.
- Promoting Cleaner Production Investments in Developing Countries: Issues
and Possible Strategies
United Nations Environment Program. 2000. 12 pages. Short review of CP
financing issues provides some useful ideas for promoting financing of CP.
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